Basic computers developed ways to deal with numbers and logical states, applying specific operators that lead to precise results. The important distinction here is that programming logic, and logic in general, is fundamentally set against other kinds of programming that are not built on hard logic or quantifiable states and results.
For example, modal logic by its nature is set against the theoretical quantum operations that don't provide a specific set state that computers can apply logic to. Programming logic in general rests on a foundation of computational logic that is shared by both humans and machines, which is what we explore as we continue to interact with new technologies. With that in mind, one could develop more specific definitions of a programming logic having to do with the basis of a piece of code.
By: Brad Rudisail Contributor. By: Kaushik Pal Contributor. By: Leah Zitter Contributor. Dictionary Dictionary Term of the Day. Construct an algorithm that will input values for A and B. Compare the two values inputted and print which of the values is higher including the remark Higher. Write an algorithm that will input a grade of student and determine whether the grade is passed or failed.
The passing grade is Print the name, grade and remarks of student. Write an algorithm that will display if the inputted age is qualified to vote or not. The qualifying age is 18 and above. Quiz: Algorithm 1. Write an algorithm to read in name and age of student. Display the inputted values. Since Advantages flowcharts of Flowchartare language- independent, they can be learned and applied without formal knowledge of a programming language.
It enforces users to give attention to significant matters over the less significant ones. Being graphically portrayed, flowcharts provide an alternative to the usual narrative description of a system or a program.
System Flowchart is a graphical representation of the procedures involved in converting data on input media to data in output form. Disadvantages of Flowchart 1. Flowcharts do not represent a programming language and are more of a person-to-person than a person-to-computer means of communication.
A computer cannot accept a program described in flowcharting form. Since thinking in graphic terms is not normal, flowcharts cannot be viewed as a natural means of communication. Certain details often require a long sequence of interconnected symbols which could easily be described in just a few lines of explanation. It does not convey why a given set of operations is made. Flowcharts only portray how. Flowcharting Symbols Preparation Symbol Hexagon this symbol is used to represent an instruction or group of instructions that will alter, or modify a programs course of execution.
Flowcharting Symbols Terminal Symbol Oval used to designate the beginning and the end of a program, or a point of interruption. Flowcharting Symbols Predefined Process Symbol Rectangle with Two Vertical Bars a specialized process symbol that represents a named operation or programmed step not explicitly detailed in the program flowchart.
As a subroutine symbol, it can be used when a procedure needs to be repeated several times. Rather than write the instructions for the procedure each time it is needed, this symbol is used. Flowcharting Symbols On-page Connector Small Circle this is a non-processing symbol which is used to connect one part of a flowchart to another without drawing flow lines. Flowcharting Symbols Flow Direction Indicators Arrowheads used to show the direction of processing or data flow.
Flowcharting Symbols. Off-page Connector Small Pentagon used instead of the on-page connector to designate entry to or exit from a page when a flowchart requires more than one page. Left to Right. Read the value of integer A. READ A. Flowchar 2. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart. Compute and print out the sum, the product and the average of these values. The radius of a circle is equal to one unit.
Give the algorithm and draw the flowchart to compute the corresponding area of the circle and print out the value of the radius and the area. PI has a value of 3. Write the algorithm and draw the flowchart to accept the magic number. Determine if the input magic number is right, if it is so, the magic words will be displayed. The magic number is and its corresponding magic words are I Love You. If the input number is wrong, displays: Sorry, better luck next time. Draw a flowchart that determines if the employee has to be paid of overtime pay OT.
They will be paid an OT if they exceed 40 hours work in a week, regular pay RP if less than or equal to 40 hours only. Draw a flowchart that determines if the input number is positive or negative. Consider 0 as positive number. Give the algorithm then draw the flowchart which will compute the bonus of an employee.
Consider the following criteria: If the employees monthly salary is less than 1, Print out the name and corresponding bonus of the employee. Draw a flowchart that will display the corresponding color of the given input letter. The corresponding letter of each color are given below:. Draw a flowchart that will display the corresponding remark of a given input grade.
The range of grades and its corresponding remark are given below:. The year and the college levels are given below:. Print the name of the faculty and the remarks obtained. Remarks are based on the following criteria:.
As well as the target group, you should include information about staff and others that may be involved e. Making assumptions explicit is a really important part of the logic model. Assumptions are the beliefs we have about our program, the people involved, and how it will work. Unexamined assumptions are a big risk to program success. Shakman and Rodruiqez suggest asking "what is known, and what is being assumed? It is worth spending some time on this section, and asking a range of people involved in the program to help you identify a full list of assumptions so you can address them.
This element of a program logic requires you to consider the environment in which your program is being delivered. Economic, political, cultural, historical and social contexts all impact the way your program is delivered, and the outcomes that you can achieve. Likewise, your program has potential to impact some of these factors too.
For example, a change in the demographics of an area may mean you need to reconsider the target group for your program. We have developed a downloadable logic model [PDF, KB] checklist that you can use to review your draft logic model.
This checklist is slightly adapted from a worksheet in the University of Wisconsin-Exchange logic model resources:. Once your program logic is completed, it is a useful tool to plan your evaluation. The outcomes columns in the project will give you an idea of what you should be trying to measure. It is good to try to measure both short and medium term outcomes. It is more difficult to measure the long term or impact outcomes, as the impact usually takes a long time to be realised, and there are many external factors that affect it, making it difficult to establish how much of the long term or impact outcome was the result of your program, and how much was the result of external factors.
The following may be particularly useful:. Templates, resources and a free online course are available through the University of Wisconsin-Exchange. A workshop toolkit Logic models for program design, implementation, and evaluation and a reference guide Logic models: A tool for designing and monitoring program evaluation from the US Department of Education.
Evaluation framework for health promotion and disease prevention programs from the Victorian Department of Health and Human Services. Lawton, B. Logic models: A tool for designing and monitoring program evaluations. Washington, DC: U. McCawley, P. Idaho: University of Idaho Extension. Shakman, K. Logic models for program design, implementation, and evaluation: Workshop toolkit. Taylor-Powell, E. Developing a logic model: Teaching and training guide February Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Extension.
Enhancing program performance with logic models. University of Wisconsin-Extention. Office of the Director, Office of Strategy and Innovation Introduction to program evaluation for public health programs: A self-study guide.
Strengthening what works for children: Aligning target group, theory of change and program components to outcomes The recording of a webinar that explained how funders, managers and practitioners can ensure their program's target group, activities and outcomes are in alignment.
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